Climate and planetary limits
Energy-related CO2: a new high of nearly 38.4 billion tonnes in 2025
▲Getting worseStill rising, more slowly (about 0.4% in 2025)
Answered in Ch 18
A way for people to solve shared problems together, using evidence and technology, for the health, happiness and wellbeing of all living things.
Anyone can take part. UP checks its own results and corrects itself as it learns. It keeps power spread out, so that no person, group or machine gathers control over everyone else. And it never crosses a small set of floors that protect people and the living world.
Six questions this page answers
Look around you
The lights come on and there is food in the shops. Look a little further, past your own street, and keep looking for a minute longer than is comfortable. Every figure below is footnoted in the book to its source.

Children under five who die on an ordinary day
4.9 million young children died in 2024. The WHO and UNICEF say most of those deaths could have been prevented with proven, low-cost care.

People who went hungry in 2025 (estimate)
Yet the world's households throw away more than a billion meals a day, and on paper the global food supply comes to more than 3,000 kilocalories for every person alive, every day. The food exists.

People in Japan who died alone at home in 2025
In an economy of more than $4 trillion a year, more than 7,000 of them were not found until a month or more after death. Worldwide, the WHO estimates that one person in six is lonely, and that loneliness accounts for about 871,000 deaths a year.

People living in extreme poverty in 2024, on less than $3 a day
About 2.1 billion people lack safely managed drinking water, 3.4 billion lack safe sanitation and some 4.6 billion cannot get essential health services. Each is something everyone needs and the world already knows how to provide.
From the book · Introduction, Figure 1
People who lack each of these, latest estimate.
It would be easier if there were a villain to blame. Mostly there isn't. The farmers, nurses, officials and business owners inside the current system are, for the most part, doing their jobs as the system defines them. That is exactly the trouble: a system made of decent people can still produce outcomes most of those people would call wrong.
The current system is very good at solving the problems that pay someone, and much weaker at the ones that don't. New antibiotics show how. The world needs them kept in reserve and used sparingly, which is exactly what makes them poor business. One company did the work anyway: Achaogen won approval for a new antibiotic in June 2018, the drug brought in $0.8 million in its first year, and in April 2019 the company filed for bankruptcy. Nobody in that story behaved badly. The incentives pointed the wrong way.
There has been real progress, and the book credits it. But on the planet's limits and on most of the major issues of our time, the problems are growing faster than the reforms. It does not have to be this way.
Sources: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, final report (May 2016); Achaogen, Form 10-K for 2018 and Form 8-K (15 Apr 2019). The book's Chapter 2 measures the race issue by issue.
Better than ever, and still losing the race
From the book · Figure 2.1
World, long-run estimates. Note the different time spans.
higher is better
28.5to731800 to 2023
shaded: reconstructions before 1950
lower is better
43%to3.8%1800 to 2023
shaded: reconstructions before 1950
lower is better
43%to10%1990 to 2024
| Measure | Year | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 1800 | 28.5 |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 1850 | 29.3 |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 1900 | 32 |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 1950 | 46.4 |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2000 | 66.4 |
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2023 | 73.2 |
| Children dying before age 5 (%) | 1800 | 42.8 |
| Children dying before age 5 (%) | 1900 | 40.9 |
| Children dying before age 5 (%) | 1950 | 24.7 |
| Children dying before age 5 (%) | 1990 | 9.35 |
| Children dying before age 5 (%) | 2000 | 7.67 |
| Children dying before age 5 (%) | 2023 | 3.83 |
| Living on under $3 a day (%) | 1990 | 43.4 |
| Living on under $3 a day (%) | 2000 | 36.2 |
| Living on under $3 a day (%) | 2010 | 21 |
| Living on under $3 a day (%) | 2020 | 11.4 |
| Living on under $3 a day (%) | 2024 | 10.4 |
From the book · Figure 2.2
Global CO2 from fossil fuels and cement, billion tonnes a year
Actual emissions (2025, projected)Illustrative 1.5 °C path: a 48% cut from 2019 by 2030
| Year | Actual emissions, billion tonnes | Illustrative 1.5 °C path |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 22.5 | |
| 2000 | 25.2 | |
| 2010 | 32.8 | |
| 2015 | 34.7 | |
| 2019 | 36.3 | 36.3 |
| 2020 | 34.4 | |
| 2021 | 36 | |
| 2022 | 36.7 | |
| 2023 | 37.3 | |
| 2024 | 37.8 | |
| 2025 | 38.1 (projected) | |
| 2030 | 18.9 |
From the book · Figure 2.3
Million tonnes a year
GeneratedDocumented as properly collected and recycled
2010
24% documented
2022
22% documented
2030 (projected)
20% documented
| Year | Generated, million tonnes | Documented as collected and recycled | Share documented |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 34 | 8 | 24% |
| 2022 | 62 | 13.8 | 22% |
| 2030 (projected) | 82 | 16.4 | 20% |
From the book · Chapter 12
The record from the book's Table 12.1, with the direction each is moving and the chapter that answers it.
Energy-related CO2: a new high of nearly 38.4 billion tonnes in 2025
▲Getting worseStill rising, more slowly (about 0.4% in 2025)
Answered in Ch 18
More than 824 million people below $3.00 a day (2024)
▶StuckAt a standstill since the pandemic
Answered in Ch 13
The poorest half of adults hold about 2% of the world's wealth
▶StuckUnchanged since the early 2000s
Answered in Ch 13
US federal lobbying: $5.24 billion in 2025
▲Getting worseThe highest ever recorded, in money of the day
Answered in Ch 5; Ch 6
708 million women outside the labour force because of unpaid care, against 40 million men (2023)
–No comparable trendNo comparable trend: the method changed
Answered in Ch 14
1.14 million deaths attributable to drug-resistant bacteria (2021)
▲Getting worseForecast 1.91 million a year by 2050
Answered in Ch 16
273 million children and young people out of school
▼Improving slowlyBarely falling: 17.4% (2015) to 16.8% (2024)
Answered in Ch 15
745,652 people homeless in the US on one night (January 2025)
▼Improving slowlyDown 3% from the record of 771,480 in 2024
Answered in Ch 13; Ch 18
English Wikipedia's active editors peaked at 56,400 (March 2007); one language edition captured, 2011 to 2020
▲Getting worseThe volunteer base of its largest edition shrank after 2007
Answered in Ch 11; Ch 20
9,745 nuclear warheads in stockpiles (January 2026); military spending $2,887 billion (2025)
▲Getting worseRising: stockpiles up from 9,614; spending up eleven years running
Answered in Ch 7; Ch 19
62 billion kg of electronic waste (2022)
▲Getting worseGrowing five times faster than documented recycling since 2010
Answered in Ch 18
Over 90% of notable AI models made by industry (2026 report)
▲Getting worseIndustry's share rising (60% in 2023)
Answered in Ch 11; Ch 20
What UP is
Universal Pragmatism is a way for people to solve shared problems together, using evidence and technology, for the health, happiness and wellbeing of all living things: open to everyone, correcting itself as it learns, keeping power spread out, and never crossing a small set of floors that protect people and the living world.
If that sounds abstract, it shouldn't for long, because you have almost certainly used something built this way. When you look something up on Wikipedia, you rely on strangers who solved a shared problem together, in the open, and checked one another's work. UP takes that way of working and extends it from shared knowledge to the whole of shared life: meeting needs, making decisions and caring for the living world.
Instead of asking what will pay, UP asks what will improve the health, happiness and wellbeing of each person, counted one by one, so that no one's wellbeing is traded away to raise an average. Its main activity is inventing solutions together. Anyone may take on a problem, propose a fix with the evidence for it, and see it tested against the alternatives, and a solution rises because it works, whether or not a funder or a boss would have backed it.
From the book · Introduction, Figure 2
The loop never closes: every result, good or bad, becomes the next piece of work.
Step 6 feeds step 1: a failure is not the end of a decision but the start of the next problem.
01
Anyone may take part in any problem, and the people it affects decide its outcome. There are no offices to hold: work is shared out, not owned, so no one gathers power by holding a position.
02
Problems are named, measured and offered as work. Solutions are proposed with their evidence, tested and compared, and a better idea replaces a worse one. Matters of taste are never made rules for others.
03
Every failure of UP is fed back into it as a new problem to solve, so it keeps improving without revolution. Every part of UP, its core included, can be improved through its own method.
04
Concentration of power in any form, whether wealth, position, information, access, expertise or machines, is treated as a standing danger. Everyone watches for it; the threat is never declared gone.
05
Everyone's basic needs and protected freedoms, the living world's capacity to recover, the right to leave, a truthful shared record, freedom of the mind and a fair hearing.
06
AI and automation coordinate, propose and do work. They never govern: people can always correct, pause or switch them off. No single AI system or operator controls coordination.
From the book · Figure 4.2 · Why an average hides people
Growth in pretax income per adult, United States, 1980 to 2014.
The bottom half's income per adult:
From the book · Figure 5.2 · Learning from every failure, in the open
Commercial airline passengers worldwide: boardings per death, by decade (higher is safer).
1968–77
1978–87
1988–97
1998–2007
2008–17
About 22 times safer than 1968–77. Many changes contributed to the fall; the chart does not show which of them caused it.
| Decade | Risk of death per boarding |
|---|---|
| 1968–77 | 1 in 350,000 |
| 1978–87 | 1 in 750,000 |
| 1988–97 | 1 in 1.3 million |
| 1998–2007 | 1 in 2.7 million |
| 2008–17 | 1 in 7.9 million |
Watch
Thirty seconds of real photographs: the problem, then the people already solving it street by street.
Food waste, homelessness, loneliness, chronic illness; then a garden, a tool library, a repair café, shared solar.
A narrated explainer made for the earlier edition of the framework. Where it differs from the book, the book is the current text.
Part One · Is this real?
None of this requires inventing a civilisation from scratch. UP is less a revolution than a way of naming the best of what civilisation already does, so that we get more of the good and less of the harm.
1977 – 1980
In October 1977 Ali Maow Maalin, a 23-year-old hospital cook in Merca, Somalia, became the last person on Earth to catch smallpox naturally. The WHO estimates smallpox killed about 300 million people in the twentieth century alone. It was certified eradicated on 9 December 1979. Maalin later worked for the WHO's polio eradication campaign in Somalia.
≈300 millionpeople killed by smallpox in the twentieth century (WHO estimate)
1985 – 2009
In May 1985 three British Antarctic Survey scientists reported large ozone losses over Antarctica. In September 1987 governments agreed the Montreal Protocol, and by 2009 every country had joined. If current policies hold, the ozone layer is expected to recover by around 2040 over most of the world and around 2066 over Antarctica.

Since 1991
500 of 500
In August 1991 a 21-year-old student, Linus Torvalds, shared the code of a "hobby" operating system so others could use, study and improve it. Since November 2017, Linux has run every one of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers.

Since 2001
68 million+
Articles in 348 languages, written largely by volunteers, and viewed about 508 million times a day over the past decade. Public libraries in the United States alone recorded more than 800 million visits in 2023.

Today
3 million
More than 12% of humanity belongs to one of the world's 3 million co-operatives, businesses owned and run by their own members. In Valencia, farmers who share irrigation channels still settle disputes at a public water tribunal every Thursday at noon. Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for showing how shared resources can be managed by the people who use them.

2024
91%
Of new renewable power projects commissioned in 2024 were cheaper than any new fossil-fuel alternative. AI can find patterns, match people to problems and help coordinate work, while people keep the decisions.
From the book · Figure 1.1 · Amul and Operation Flood
Million tonnes a year, 1950-51 to 2024-25.
Many things drove this growth. The shading marks when the Anand pattern of village co-operatives was copied across India, not a single cause.
| Year | Milk production, million tonnes |
|---|---|
| 1950-51 | 17.0 |
| 1960 | 20.0 |
| 1970 | 22.0 |
| 1980 | 31.6 |
| 1990 | 53.9 |
| 2000 | 80.6 |
| 2010 | 121.8 |
| 2022 | 230.6 |
| 2024-25 | 247.9 |
From the book · Figure 7.2 · Finland's floor and Housing First
From the yearly municipal survey. A long fall, part of it from a 2018 change in Helsinki's counting, then two years of rises.
| Year | Homeless people living alone |
|---|---|
| 1986 | 17,958 |
| 1987 | 17,110 |
| 1988 | 16,000 |
| 1989 | 16,190 |
| 1990 | 15,250 |
| 1991 | 14,100 |
| 1992 | 12,880 |
| 1993 | 11,670 |
| 1994 | 10,560 |
| 1995 | 10,430 |
| 1996 | 9,610 |
| 1997 | 9,820 |
| 1998 | 9,990 |
| 1999 | 9,990 |
| 2000 | 10,000 |
| 2001 | 10,000 |
| 2002 | 9,560 |
| 2003 | 8,190 |
| 2004 | 7,650 |
| 2005 | 7,430 |
| 2006 | 7,400 |
| 2007 | 7,530 |
| 2008 | 7,960 |
| 2009 | 8,150 |
| 2010 | 7,880 |
| 2011 | 7,572 |
| 2012 | 7,852 |
| 2013 | 7,510 |
| 2014 | 7,107 |
| 2015 | 6,785 |
| 2016 | 6,700 |
| 2017 | 6,615 |
| 2018 | 4,882 |
| 2019 | 4,600 |
| 2020 | 4,341 |
| 2021 | 3,948 |
| 2022 | 3,686 |
| 2023 | 3,429 |
| 2024 | 3,806 |
| 2025 | 4,579 |
People want to solve problems because they are there, often without reward or punishment and sometimes in spite of them. In one study, 22 of 24 infants aged 18 months helped a struggling adult in at least one of ten tasks, though the adult never asked and no one rewarded them; in a later study, toddlers given a material reward for helping were less likely to help again. When disaster strikes, research finds panic rare and helping the norm: people run toward it.
None of these needed a revolution. Each is a case of people solving a shared problem together, openly and with evidence. And each is held back in the same ways: it works largely alone, it lacks the tools to connect with the others, and it has to compete inside a system built for other goals. UP names this existing system, connects its parts and gives it the tools to grow.
Sources: Warneken and Tomasello, Science 311 (2006) and Developmental Psychology 44 (2008); Quarantelli, Disaster Research Center (1993).
From the book · Figure 1.5
The practices stay what they are; UP offers shared tools, records and problems that any of them may choose to use.
Shared tools · open records · a public list of problemsused by choice; no centre, no owner
Clearing away the labels
People meeting UP for the first time often reach for a familiar label. UP is not any of them, and it is built, openly, on what many traditions got right.
Because UP talks about meeting everyone's needs, it is easy to mistake for state socialism. But it has no central plan and no state that owns everything. Power is kept spread out, no one is forced to join, and each person controls their own information.
Money, companies and governments made large-scale cooperation possible and served a great purpose. UP keeps such shared arrangements for as long as they serve people's health, happiness and wellbeing, and replaces them gradually, wherever technology can do their job without obvious downsides.
AI coordinates, proposes and does work, but it never governs, and people can always correct it, pause it or switch it off. There are no offices to hold. Where work needs skill, skill is shown by open standards anyone can work toward, and the people a problem affects decide its outcome.
UP's aim can never be fully reached, though every step toward it counts, and it promises no world without problems. It is never imposed: no one has to join, to work or to give up what is theirs. It has no leader or founder at the top; every part of it can be improved through its own method.
From the book · Figure 3.2 · Freely joined
The look-alikes that were put into practice, and what UP's core requires.
✓Yes◐In part, or with a cost✕No–Not shown by this evidence
From the book · Figure 3.1
Some of the traditions UP builds on, what each got right, and the part of UP that keeps it.
Part Two · What is UP?
A few core ideas make chemistry what it is; ten make UP what it is. Below is the core in its settled words. Examples elsewhere are possibilities, not directives: the people who take part decide the rest.
Definition
Universal Pragmatism is a way for people to solve shared problems together, using evidence and technology, for the health, happiness and wellbeing of all living things: open to everyone, correcting itself as it learns, keeping power spread out, and never crossing a small set of floors that protect people and the living world. It takes the way people already build shared knowledge together and extends it to the whole of shared life: meeting needs, making decisions and caring for the living world.
UP aims at the health, happiness and wellbeing of all living things. The aim is a chosen direction, not a scientific discovery and not a promise: it can never be fully reached, and every step toward it counts. For people it is measured person by person, not as a total, so no one's wellbeing is traded away to raise an average.
Everything in UP runs through one method. Problems are named, measured and offered as work to anyone willing to take them on, whether or not they are affected; the people a problem affects decide its outcome. No problem, solution or method belongs to the person who raised it: anyone may update, reframe or improve it. Solutions are proposed with their evidence, tested and compared, and a better idea replaces a worse one. Every claim that guides shared action can be tested and is open to being proved wrong. Work on the roots of problems is worth the most, but a problem can be worked from any angle. Facts are checked, unknowns become shared work, and matters of taste are never made rules for others. Evidence proposes; people decide.
Every failure of UP is fed back into it as a new problem to solve, so it keeps improving without revolution. Every part of UP, these tenets included, can be improved through its own method. UP is judged against both today's system and the ideal it aims at: the ideal shows the direction and the gap still to close, and today's record shows whether UP is already doing better. Downsides, risks and fringe problems are named openly and treated as work, never as reasons to keep a status quo that fails so many.
Anyone may take part in any problem, and the people it affects decide its outcome. There are no offices to hold: work is shared out, not owned, so no one gathers power by holding a position. Where work needs skill, skill is shown by open, testable standards that anyone can work toward and anyone can propose to change, and education is open to everyone, at every age, so anyone can gain the skills any work requires.
Concentration of power, in any form (wealth, position, information, access, expertise or machines), is treated as a standing danger. People tend to gather power and to hand it to whoever seems accomplished, and history shows few good endings. Everyone in UP watches for concentrations of power and spreads them out again. The threat is never declared gone; it is watched and answered.
UP keeps a set of floors that no decision may cross: everyone's basic needs and protected freedoms, which no gain for others can buy; the living world's capacity to recover, so damage that cannot be undone is never traded for a short-term need; the right to leave any group or community at any time, taking what is theirs; a truthful shared record, so facts, measures and decisions are never falsified; freedom of the mind, so no one's thinking is manipulated without their knowledge or consent; and a fair hearing, so no one's freedom is restricted without a fair, evidence-based hearing, with the evidence open to them and a way to appeal. UP guarantees needs, not every want. The collective defines and refines the floors through UP's method; it may clarify or raise them, but no decision may lower them or push anyone below them. As a starting example for the collective to refine: needs such as food, water, shelter, health care, education and connection; freedoms such as thought, belief, speech, movement and privacy.
A protected freedom such as movement may be restricted only to protect others or the person, only through an evidence-based court process, for the shortest time needed, and never below the needs floor. The hearing comes first, except briefly, to stop harm in progress, with a hearing promptly after. Leaving a group or community does not end a restriction set by a fair hearing. These limits are an open problem: they are the best that can be imagined now, and UP is built to find better and better solutions. Above the floors, everything is open to the method.
Decisions rest on real resources, real needs and measured outcomes. Shared fictions (money, corporations, governments, borders) made large-scale cooperation possible and served a great purpose. UP keeps a fiction while it serves health, happiness and wellbeing, and replaces it gradually where technology can do its job without obvious downsides.
The rules, code, records, decisions and reasons of UP are public, so anyone can check them. UP's technology (the knowledge, code, data and designs UP produces) stays only in UP: everyone taking part in UP may use, study and improve it, and no one may enclose it. Each person controls their own information and chooses what to share. Openness helps people find problems, but it will not find all of them, so UP also names the risks that openness alone cannot catch and keeps working on them.
AI and automation coordinate, propose and do work. They never govern: people can always correct, pause or switch them off. No single AI system or operator controls coordination: the AI systems UP uses are open, more than one, checked against each other, and watched for concentrated power like everything else. Because an AI may one day be shown to have experiences of its own, UP studies the question carefully and would extend its aim to any being shown to feel.
UP is never imposed. No one is forced to join, to work or to give up what is theirs. It grows by being useful, building on what people already do, and it acts only by ethical means. A means is ethical when it serves the health, happiness and wellbeing of all and crosses none of the floors; UP never starts harm against anyone. What counts as ethical is defined and refined by the collective through UP's method.
Like everything in UP, the core can be improved through UP's own method; the floors may be clarified or raised, never lowered. Whoever defines the idea does not rule over it.
From the book · Figure 7.1
Above the floors, UP decides by its method. Below them, no decision may go.
Above the floors: everything is open to UP's method
The floors: no decision may cross them
▲The collective defines and refines the floors through UP's method: it may clarify or raise them.
✕No decision may lower them, or push anyone below them.
Any restriction of a protected freedom: only to protect others or the person, only by an evidence-based court process, for the shortest time needed, never below the needs floor. The hearing comes first, except briefly to stop harm in progress, with a hearing promptly after. Leaving does not end a restriction set by a fair hearing. The core marks these limits as an open problem.
The method
Some assume "evidence proposes; people decide" means a vote on everything; others that data settles every argument. It means neither. Voting is the last step, a last resort, not a forbidden one.
From the book · Figure 5.1
Voting is the last step, not the first, and every step stays open to a better idea.
Anyone may work on it, affected or not; the people it affects decide its outcome.
Anyone may write the first proposal. It ends with an open question: does anyone have a better idea? People can always add options.
Most conflicts that look like either/or are not. A busy highway through Banff National Park looked like a choice between traffic and wildlife; 44 crossing structures and fencing cut wildlife collisions by more than 80%.wildlife collisions cut by more than 80%
Try new technology or a new design, and bring in more people. Sometimes the person who breaks a deadlock is someone nobody thought to ask.
Settled without a voteInput from everyone affected is gathered and considered; judgements rest on facts and evidence. Most decisions in UP are not made by voting. The result is published and stays open to a better idea.
Everyone materially affected has a say, including people downstream and future residents, and no vote may override the protected freedoms. A minimum share must take part, a random sample of those who did not is asked to confirm, and a decision made by a narrow group reopens automatically after a set time.
Every vote records it, and the decision reopens when new evidence or technology changes the options.
A town needs more electricity, and the best site for a solar field is a meadow families walk in. Someone posts the proposal with its data and asks for better ideas. One person points to warehouse roofs; another proposes panels mounted high enough for the meadow to stay a meadow underneath; a town downstream points out the drainage would foul its stream. The second idea meets both goals, the third becomes part of the design, and no vote is needed.
From the book · Chapter 5
How UP's agreed position on public discourse sorts what people say, as a starting guide that is itself open to improvement.
It is checked, with its sources and confidence shown.
Evidence: after a Community Note was attached, reposts fell by 46% and likes by 44% on average (study of 40,000 posts, 2025).
It is marked as unknown, and the unknown becomes work for people and AI together: what data or study would settle it. While it is studied, decisions go ahead through the decision steps.
Evidence: the RECOVERY trial announced its dexamethasone result nearly 100 days after its protocol was first drafted.
It is marked as such and can never be made a rule for others. A community may still choose a colour for its shared hall; it cannot make that choice a rule for anyone's own home or mind.
Belief has a stronger protection still: it is one of the protected freedoms in UP's floors.
Two more duties of UP's AI. It flags true statements combined in a misleading way (paltering). It makes concerns raised by many people visible, so they become problems to measure. It does not rule on everything said.
Part Three · How could it run?
Take a man who is working, has been offered a job, and has no room. What follows is one way UP could run, built from its tenets and agreed positions. It is not a procedure UP has adopted; the people who take part would shape the details.
From the book · Chapter 13
UP at work, from start to finish. One way UP could run, built from its tenets and agreed positions; not a procedure UP has adopted, and the collective would shape the details.
He can name it himself; so can a neighbour or a stranger. He does not have to prove he deserves a room: everyone's basic needs are a floor, not a reward, and the floor does not depend on work or conduct. What he shares about himself is his own choice.
He is affected, and so are the people whose space, homes or work the answer would touch. Anyone else may help and bring evidence. Physical accounting checks the answer against real limits of energy, water and materials.
Early on, it may be a member's spare room or help to reach the current system's services. Later, homes would come from UP's own production and from buildings whose owners chose to convert them. No one is forced to give up what is theirs.
The decision, its reasons and the evidence are public, and the community publishes the needs it met and what it used. A truthful shared record is a floor, so a need cannot be met on paper and missed in fact.
A damp room or an unfair allocation is fed back as a new problem anyone may take up. No one's freedom is restricted without a fair hearing, and he may leave any group, taking what is his.
The difference is not that people in UP would care more. It is what the room would rest on: not on paying for it, on keeping a shelter's rules or on a budget the next policy can cut, but on a floor no decision may lower and a record that shows whether the floor was met. Whether UP can meet that floor, for how many people and how soon, has to be shown, and the book sets it out stage by stage.
How UP grows
UP grows alongside the current system rather than replacing it in one stroke. It is never imposed and never tears the current system down; it grows by being useful.

A network of people inside the current system. Members keep their jobs and homes, and add things they do together through UP's method: a food co-operative, a tool library, a repair table, an open course. Each is already common somewhere in the world.

UP has its own productive base, and most of its members' needs are met from what it produces. A reasoned projection from mechanisms the book cites, labelled as such.

Most people live mainly within UP. The book labels this stage "modelled": a projection, not a forecast of size or timing.
From the book · Introduction, Figure 3
A network of people that meets more of its members' needs at each stage. No one is moved before they choose.
A network of people inside the current system
Its own productive base; most members' needs met
Most people live mainly within UP
a person or group taking part in UPthe current systemdashed outline: a projection
In the reading UP's author has set out, now going through UP's own method, UP's own system does not run on money at any stage. What moves gradually is people. Think of two curves. Inside each life, a person who joins keeps their job, home and bank account; at first UP meets a small part of their needs, then more, and whether they ever stop relying on money is their choice. And in the number of people: each person who finds UP meets their needs better is one more adding to what UP can make and share. Neither curve is pushed. Nobody is moved before they choose.
How quickly UP grows is not anyone's to decide. What matters is that it keeps the quality of its core values and tenets as it grows, so the growth stays healthy, and that the aim is a transition, not a collapse. At every stage UP is held to two standards at once: the ideal it aims at, which shows the direction and the distance still to go, and the record of the current system, which shows whether UP is already doing better.
From the book · Chapter 8
In the reading UP's author has set out, now going through UP's method.
How a member's needs are met, over the years after joining
through money: job, shop, bankmet inside UP: food, energy, transport, learning
Keeps their job, home and bank account. Whether they ever stop relying on money is their choice; some keep a foot in both worlds for good.
Each person who finds UP meets their needs better
Neighbours see what works and join. As more people in a place move, more of what that place needs can be met inside UP, which makes the next move easier.
UP's own system does not run on money at any stage.No one is moved before they choose; nothing is shut down to hurry them.
The strongest doubts
UP names its downsides, risks and open problems in the open and treats them as work, never as reasons to keep a status quo that fails so many.
It deserves a serious answer: people do respond to incentives.
⌄In UP no one is forced to work, and neither merit nor a share of necessary work ever decides whose needs are met. The evidence shows that money is not the only reason people work. Wikipedia's English edition alone holds more than seven million articles written by volunteers. The United Nations and the International Labour Organization estimate that about 2.1 billion people do volunteer work every month. The men's shed movement, begun in Goolwa, South Australia, in 1993, grew to more than 2,500 sheds in 12 countries. A 1999 review of 128 studies found that rewards people expect, and that feel like control, weaken the interest they bring to a task themselves.
What UP does not claim: none of that shows that unpaid work would be enough to run a whole society. So a community does not assume it: it publishes a labour budget, the work that needs doing, and asks.

Someone has to clean the drains and sit up through the night with the dying.
⌄Unwanted work is posted and asked for, and any shortfall is met with visibility, recognition, fair rotas and automation. One possible way, offered as such, is a published rota people sign up for. Work that is important but unwanted is a target for automation. Sharing like this has a long record: on the kibbutz, kitchen duty rotated; at Twin Oaks in Virginia, when too few people signed up for dishwashing, the credit it earned was raised until enough did.
In UP a rota is an expectation, not a law, and it never affects whether anyone's needs are met. Whether feedback and support, without penalties, can do the work that sanctions did elsewhere is measured, not assumed. Who does care and unpleasant work, fairly, is named as open work.

Power gathers in every movement, open ones included.
⌄UP does not claim to abolish that pull. It removes the office that power usually gathers around, so work is shared out, not held, and skill is shown by open standards. The people a problem affects decide its outcome. Each real person has one voice. Time and money earn recognition, never power. The record of every decision is public, everyone is a watcher, and anyone may leave, taking what is theirs.
The threat is never declared gone; it is watched and answered.

"Coordination" can sound like rule by machine.
⌄In UP, AI proposes and people decide. AI and automation coordinate, propose and do work, but they never govern: people can always correct, pause or switch them off, and the AI may not assign work or compel anyone. No single AI system or operator controls coordination; the systems are open, more than one, checked against each other and watched for concentrated power like everything else. Working fallbacks without the AI are kept.
Ask of any system that uses AI or your data: can I see the rules and the reasons? Can a person overrule it? Does it still work if the AI is switched off?

A promise that cannot be kept loses the people it is meant to help.
⌄UP does not promise a world without problems. What persists is named openly as work, because no system works by magic and suffering continues even while its biggest causes fall. It promises needs, not every want. It does not promise that its machines will be free of error, that openness will catch every abuse, or that power will stop trying to gather; it promises to watch, to make abuse much harder and more visible, and to treat what it finds as work.
And it does not ask to be judged against perfection, but against both the current system and the ideal it aims at, counting wellbeing person by person.

Sources for this section are in the book's Chapters 6, 11 and 14 and the Conclusion: Wikipedia statistics; UN Volunteers and ILO; Australian Men's Shed Association; Deci, Koestner and Ryan (1999); Twin Oaks Community.
The book · version one
An Introduction, twenty-four chapters, a Conclusion and the back matter, free to read below. It is a living text: the effort of one independent researcher so far, meant to become a wiki anyone can improve.
The book keeps four kinds of statement apart, so you always know which one you are reading:
Its definition and ten core tenets. When the text rests on one, a note names it.
Real cases, real numbers, sources you can check. Where an argument reaches beyond today's evidence, it says so.
Illustrations, set apart and marked as one way it could work. Never instructions.
Left on purpose for the people a problem affects to settle together through UP's method.
From the book · Introduction
Three parts, the question each answers, and its chapters.
Introduction first; each chapter ends with a chapter card that sums up its claim, its core lines and its open questions.
Part One
Is this real?
Part Two
What is UP?
Part Three
How could it run, and how do we get there?
Introduction
Why we must get this right
Start here
⌄Why We Must Get This Right
Does this proposal help people solve a shared problem together, openly, without anyone falling below the floor?
Part One
Is this real?
Chapters 1–3
⌄It Already Exists: The Best of What Civilisation Does
Before inventing something new, ask where it already works, and in how many other places.
Better Than Ever, and Still Losing the Race
Ask three questions of any problem: is it getting better, is it getting better fast enough, and who gains if it stays?
What UP Is Not, and What It Builds On
Ask of any tradition, and of UP: What did it get right? What harm did it do? Can I say no, leave taking what is mine, see every decision and its reasons, and change the rules?
Part Two
What is UP?
Chapters 4–11
⌄The Aim: Health, Happiness and Wellbeing for All Living Things
Ask of any measure: whose health, happiness and wellbeing does it count, whom does it leave out, and what happens when it becomes the goal?
The Method: Solving Shared Problems with Evidence
Before anyone votes, ask: Is the proposal public, with its data? Has anyone found a design that meets both goals? Who is affected, and were they asked? Is this a fact, an unknown or a matter of taste?
Open to Everyone, Power Kept Spread Out
Ask of any shared work: Who is doing it, within what scope and for how long? Who can see what they did? How could they be replaced? And who is affected, and so decides?
The Floors No Decision May Cross
Before any decision, ask: does it push anyone below a floor, or trade away something that can never be restored? If so, look for another way.
Money: Why Its Jobs Can Be Done Without It, and How People Move Off It
For any job money does in your life, ask: what is it standing in for, can that now be known or done directly, what does the evidence show, and would you choose to rely on the new way?
Government: Why Its Jobs Can Be Done by People Deciding Together, and How People Move Off It
For any job government does in your life, ask: who is it standing in for, could the people affected now do it themselves, with evidence and under the floors, what does the evidence show, and would you choose to rely on the new way?
Corporations: Why Their Jobs Can Be Done Without Them, and How People Move Off Them
For anything you get from a company, or do for one, ask: which of the six jobs is the company doing here, what does that job stand in for, is anything already doing it in the open without an owner, what does the evidence show, and would you choose to rely on it?
Open Systems, Private Persons; Technology Serves, People Decide
Ask of any system that uses AI or your data: Can I see the rules and the reasons? Can a person overrule it? Does it still work if the AI is switched off? Who controls my data, and does anything about me leave it without my permission?
Part Three
How could it run, and how do we get there?
Chapters 12–24 and the Conclusion
⌄The Scoreboard: Twelve Failures and Where Each Is Answered
For any failure, ask: what is the measure, which way is it moving, who is working on it, and is a stand-in for the real world part of the cause?
Meeting Needs: Abundance Shown in the Open
Is this a need or a want, is the scarcity physical, positional or made, and which job of a price is being replaced?
Work and Contribution: Asked For, Shared and Never Forced
Is the work asked for, shared and visible, never forced, and is survival kept out of it?
Learning, Open to Everyone
Does it teach, or does it do the work for the learner, and does it count what a person can do or only what they hold?
Health and Wellbeing
Does the medicine reach the person who needs it, and is the condition behind the illness being met too?
Family, Meaning and Morality: Matters of Taste Are Never Rules
Is this a matter of taste? Then it is never a rule for others.
Settlement and the Living World
Can the damage be undone? If not, it is never traded. And does the decision count the real cost, or only the price?
Justice, Safety and Emergencies
Is it open, evidence-based, and aimed at repair?
The Shared Tools: Information, Data and AI
Can anyone check it, can anyone leave it, and does it still work if the AI is switched off?
The Whole System: Why the Parts Compound
Ask of any proposal: Which other parts does it need, and which does it feed? What still works if it arrives late? Does it bring the decision closer to real resources and real needs?
Who: Everyone, and Those Affected Decide
Who does this affect, and were they asked?
When: The Stages and the Transition
Does this step keep the core intact while it grows?
What This Book Leaves Open, and How to Improve It
Can it be tested? Then propose it.
An Invitation
The invitation: test it, improve it, try it.
Read the whole book
Universal Pragmatism, version one: the working manuscript as revised on 15 November 2026, in three parts, with every figure and footnote. 636 pages.
A working manuscript: the Introduction and Chapters 1 to 7 have been approved by the author; the later chapters are drafts still under his review, and corrections are being made. If you find an error, a weak argument or a better source, say so through Get involved.
If you have ten minutes, the rules of thumb above are the shortest way through the book.
Start today
UP's early stage is not something to wait for. It begins wherever a few people take up a shared problem together through UP's method.
There is no fee to join and no office to hold. Work in UP is shared out, not owned, and every kind of work is open to everyone. No one is forced to join, to work or to give up what is theirs, and anyone may leave at any time, taking what is theirs.
Tell us what you are good at, what you would like to help with, and any problem near you that needs work. Corrections to the book are welcome here too.
Join →Not sure yet? Ask UP anything: who decides, what the floors are, how a need would be met, or what UP is not.
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Ask any question about what UP is, how it decides, how it could run, or what it does not claim.
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